What distinguishes inherited mutations from acquired mutations?

Inherited mutations are distinguished from acquired mutations primarily because they are hereditary. This means that these mutations are passed down from one generation to the next through familial lineage. Individuals receive these mutations directly from their parents' germ cells (sperm or egg), which contain the genetic information that may be altered.

Inherited mutations are present in the DNA of all cells of an individual's body from birth. This contrasts with acquired mutations, which arise due to environmental factors, lifestyle choices, or errors in DNA replication that occur during a person's life. Acquired mutations are not inherited; they are unique to the individual and can vary from cell to cell within the same person.

Understanding this distinction is critical in the field of oncology, as inherited mutations can significantly increase the risk of developing certain types of cancers, while acquired mutations can play a role in cancer progression and treatment resistance. Recognition of these differences informs treatment strategies and genetic counseling for patients and their families.